[16] Further, it is not the responsibility of this Court to assess the probability that the requesting party will be able to secure a conviction. The scope of this proceeding is narrow and is limited to the existence of probable cause and the evidence, received by virtue of the Treaty provisions and applicable law. 28). 371. (2) Criminal Association between 1994 and September 14, 1996 in violation of Article 164, Paragraph 1 in accordance with Article 13, Section II, of the Penal Code for the Federal District;[11] and. Fue en una de las celebraciones que conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, el hijo de un coronel que en su momento fue miembro de los guardias presidenciales.Ms tarde contactaron . A significant portion of the mens statements were taken in Mexico by officials putting together the case against Valdez and his companion at the time of his arrest, 25-year-old Alfredo Hodoyan de Palacios. In the proceeding before this Court, the Republic of Mexico (hereafter Mexico), through the United States government, seeks the extradition of United States citizen, EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO, alleged to have committed crimes in Mexico. A few seconds passed and then he saw the white Volkswagen speed out of the parking lot. 3190 having been properly and legally certified and authenticated by Bruce A. Beardsley, principal counsular officer of the U.S. in Mexico. Mexico's evidence does support a finding of probable cause with regard to the criminal association charge. 50). In the final analysis, this Court is required to look at the indicia of reliability with regard to the persuasiveness of this evidence. Twenty-eight days after he took office, Ibarra, along with two government agents and a taxi driver, was gunned down in a cab outside Mexico Citys airport. (7) Evidence which, in accordance with the laws of the requested party, would justify the apprehension and commitment for the trial of the person sought if the offense had been committed there, (i.e., probable cause). En una de esas fiestas fue que conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, quien era hijo de un coronel que fue . When he appeared in court, the judge also noted, on the record, residual signs of physical injury. Most of the cocaine entering the United States comes from Mexico, and most of it passes through the Arellanos undisputed turf _ Baja California, according to the Drug Enforcement Administration. (quoting Sindona v. Grant, 619 F.2d 167, 174 (2d Cir.1980)). Tambin as reclutaron a Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios, hijo de un empresario de Tijuana, quien comenz a pasar droga sin levantar sospechas pues era . While obviously nervous as he recounts the AFO's activities, there are no signs of physical abuse or manifestations consistent with psychological pressure or duress. EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Respondent") [1] is accused by Mexico of having been involved with or committing various crimes in violation of . Everardo Pez, also known as "El Kitty", was not a person of money, but under the tutelage of Ramn Arellano Flix, he dedicated himself, together with the narco juniors, to cross drugs into the United States without raising suspicions due to his economic status. When the two cars arrived at the Holiday Inn in Toluca, Valdez got out of the white Volkswagen and told Contreras, "Be, cautious, wait for me here and when you see us going out from the parking lot in the white Volkswagen, you should form a `wall' so that we cannot be followed.". Soto recounted another incident in March, 1995, during which he was told by members of the AFO that Valdez and others participated in the assassination of a man named "Endir" who was the cousin of Manolo Rico. This is in contrast to the September 27, 1996 arrest date noted in the statement to the federal prosecutor. While Ruiz provides no direct account of any torture, this information supports a finding that Alejandro was "in custody"[43] along with others and supports an argument that extended detention was involved in the handling of the witnesses by Mexico. Beyond that, he reports preparing a letter of resignation from the Department of National Defense under torture. The . The interests of Mexico were represented by the United States through the United States Department of Justice, by United States Attorney Alan D. Bersin and Assistant United States Attorney Gonzalo P. Curiel. The entire record supports the finding that probable cause exists with regard to homicide charges. The "recantations" from Cruz and Soto are in the form of testimony before a judge of the First District of Federal Criminal Proceedings in the State of Mexico. A concern over the authenticity of the evidence offered by way of the Ruiz declaration is also present. In the instant case, Mexico has submitted, inter alia, sworn declarations of percipient witnesses and accomplices to the crimes alleged against Valdez. En una de las fiestas conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, quien era hijo de un coronel que fue miembro de los guardias presidenciales, cuando existan. 956 (1922). [19] Respondent's requests for cross examination of Petitioner's witnesses pursuant to Fed. Mr. Valdez was referred to as "El Cabezon", "C.P. For the reasons set forth in the Memorandum Decision Denying Bail (see footnote 1), the Court finds that the offense of carrying a firearm exclusive to the Army, Navy and Air Force lacks dual criminality and petitioner fails in its burden regarding extradition on that matter.[18]. Valdezs attorney said some of the statements were extracted under torture. The court, for reasons explained below, grants the petition, finding the detainee extraditable. Valdez was ordered detained following arraignment. 290 Brought to you by Free Law Project, . The others drove in a white Volkswagen. [41] All of these individuals are described as "prisoners" in the statement. Fue en una fiesta que conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un coronel que fue miebro de los guardias presidenciales. ("Cruz") In his October 12, 1996 statement, Cruz declared before an agent of the Mexican Federal Public Prosecutor that Valdez, Martinez and, Fabian Partiday, aka "Domingo," described to him crimes that they had committed, the firearms they used to commit the crimes, and the numerous cities in Mexico, in which they had committed crimes in furtherance of the goals of the AFO. E. Alejandro Enrique Hodoyan Palacios On November 30, 1996, Alejandro Enrique Hodoyan Palacios (hereinafter "Alejandro") gave a deposition at the office of the Attorney General of the United States of Mexico. The precedent of the long line of cases discussed above, supports the proposition that the consideration of a "humanitarian exception" should be left to the Department of State where it rightly belongs. Netflix lanz la ltima temporada de Narcos: Mxico, donde adems de los personajes que ya conocemos, hay UNA sorpresa: Bad Bunny. Martinez told Cruz that he would receive some money if Cruz would hold the 38 Super and the 9mm guns that they had used to kill Gallardo and Sanchez. [27] Soto actually made a series of statements relative to this matter. Oen Yin-Choy v. Robinson, 858 F.2d 1400, 1407 (9th Cir.1988). Valdez "hires young assassins who belong to Tijuana's upper class," according to the statement by Francisco Molina Ruiz, commissioner of Mexico's National Institute for the Combat of . 2D1.1 and reduced by two levels the offense level applicable to many drug trafficking offenses. El Lobo was captured in the United States together with Emilio Valdez Mainero "El Radioloco", they were extradited to Mexico in January of 1998 and also sent to Altiplano at Almoloya de Juarez. Get free summaries of new Southern District of California US Federal District Court opinions delivered to your inbox! Mexico), they could have easily added that provision. [32] Respondent also argues that the statements of Francisco Cabrera Castro and Edgar Alejandro Gonzalez Gonzalez offered by Mexico were also "extracted" by torture. Bruton v. United States,391 U.S. 123, 88 S. Ct. 1620, 20 L. Ed. The papers have provided a behind-the-scenes look at an assassination already widely believed to be the work of the Arellanos. October 21, 1996. 18 U.S.C. Specifically, Respondent submits that the Treaty is invalid because the use of torture in Mexico in obtaining evidence, including the evidence in this matter, is contrary to the law of the United States. Specifically, their testimony is summarized as follows: A. Gerardo Cruz Pacheco, aka "Capitan," On October 12, 1996 at 1:00 p.m.,[23] Gerardo Cruz Pacheco, aka "Capitan," (hereinafter "Cruz"), made a signed statement before Alma Leticia Lares Tenorio, an agent of the Mexican Federal Public Prosecutor. No. mayo 9, 2022. The purported recantation of Alejandro has been discarded with the indicia of reliability supporting the initial deposition. If reliable, the recantations and the Ruiz statement would be evidence which would undermine the voluntariness of the statements offered by Mexico in their case in chief, and as a result, the evidence in support of probable cause for extradition. 1992); Fed.R.Evid. No case authority is offered on this issue. The testimony of Miranda, taken by Assistant United States Attorney Curiel, corroborates the substance of the evidence collected at the *1228 scene and statements by non-involved witnesses. EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Respondent") 1 is accused by Mexico of having been involved with or committing various crimes in violation of . Quines eran los narcojuniors reales de Tijuana? Soto is also asked of his desire to make a statement concerning the facts attributed to him in his statement. The statement is a summary of what Alejandro described to his family and includes information related to meeting General Gutierrez Rebollo as well as contact with DEA and FBI agents who pressured him to sign a confession in exchange for removal from Mexico and protection thereafter. ``Wear black clothes, the man, Gustavo Miranda Santacruz, said he was told by his superior. Peryea v. United States,782 F. Supp. Covid-19 Mxico: Suman 218 mil 173 muertes y 1 milln 879 mil 713 personas se han recuperado | Cifras El director general de Epidemiologa, Jos Luis Aloma Zegarra, inform que se registran 21 mil 224 casos activos en el pas; se han aplicado 19 millones 951 mil 121 dosis aplicadas.. Article 11, Paragraph 3, provides that the provisional arrest "shall be terminated" if the United States does not receive the formal request for extradition and the necessary documents specified in Article 10 within 60 days after the detainee's apprehension. 18 U.S.C. But federal prosecutors said that the information is valuable for this case and others, and that the mens credibility is proved by the way their stories fit together. 25. Respondent's request for discovery is denied. [21] This evidence is certified by the principle diplomatic or counsular officer of the United States in Mexico and is received into evidence pursuant Article 10(6) of the Treaty and 18 U.S.C. 0. A certified copy of the extradition Treaty between the United States of America and Mexico of May 4, 1978 *1217 (TIAS 9656) was submitted by the United States in support of its position that the Treaty is presently in full force and effect. Court documents say the threat against assistant U.S. Atty. Mexico takes issue with the March 3, 1997 declaration, noting that it was not signed by the declarant, nor is part of an official proceeding or under penalty of perjury. Appellant asked the Court of Appeals to stop his extradition because he had been convicted in absentia in Italy and, therefore, would be imprisoned without trial, be unable to confront his accusers and would not be able to conduct a defense. According to testimony given to Mexican authorities, the Arellanos _ led by brothers Benjamin, Ramon, Javier and Francisco _ have been able to coordinate major assassinations with the aid of the attorney general of Baja California, Jose Luis Anaya Bautista. 442 (S.D.Cal.1990). Jhirad v. Ferrandina, 536 F.2d 478 (2d Cir.1976). The certified documents submitted by Mexico, including the statements of Cruz, Miranda, Soto, Vasquez and Alejandro are admitted into evidence in accordance with Article 10(6) of the subject Treaty and 18 U.S.C. Mr. Vasquez testified based upon his acquaintance and interaction with Respondent and his involvement in the events he describes. Article 11, itself, cites that urgency to arrest and detain an individual supports this initial procedure. denied, 494 U.S. 1017, 110 S. Ct. 1321, 108 L. Ed. EMILIO VALDEZ-MAINERO (1) Court: UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. Martinez instructed Contreras and Cruz to drive a navy blue Cutlass to the Holiday Inn in Toluca. 1462, 1469 (S.D.Tex.1992). After receipt of the diplomatic note, Respondent was then held under the formal request for extradition and not the provisional arrest which had initiated the case. 568 (S.D.N.Y.1979). Mexico more correctly characterizes the Ruiz statement as a summary of statements by Seargent Ruiz. Print material from AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL has also been filed. EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Respondent") [1] is accused by Mexico of having been involved with or committing various crimes in violation of . Explanatory evidence is allowed only if the evidence would, clearly, negate a showing of probable cause. Cruz also said he transported weapons used in Ibarras slaying. Miranda declared that Valdez and Martinez committed the murder of Gallardo. The Ninth Circuit has labeled the above statement from Gallina as speculation. 448 (1901); Simmons v. Braun, 627 F.2d 635 (2d Cir.1980); Charlton v. Kelly,229 U.S. 447, 461, 33 S. Ct. 945, 57 L. Ed. *1229 The testimony of the various witnesses, including Miranda and Alejandro provide competent evidence for an assessment of probable cause to believe that the crime of criminal association (conspiracy) has been committed and that Respondent is involved therein. 39); and, SUPPLEMENTAL ORDER DIRECTING THE UNITED STATES TO FILE ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE filed September 12, 1997 (Docket No. Cruising the freeway between San Diego and Tijuana, Mexico, like any suburban commuter, Emilio Valdez Mainero seemed an unlikely assassin. Probable cause exists to believe that the Respondent committed the offenses of homicide and criminal conspiracy as charged against him in Mexico. In the Matter of Extradition of Contreras,800 F. Supp. Entre los jvenes reclutados por el narcotrfico mexicano se encentraban Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un guardia presidencial, Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios, Eduardo Len, los hermanos Endir y Henain Meza Castaos, Gustavo Miranda Santa Cruz y Fabin Martnez. 54(b) (5). See footnote 10. Specifically, Respondent sought "all witness statements submitted in General Gutierrez Rebollo's case to determine whether or not there is additional relevant testimony." [47] Alejandro's testimony also implicates his brother concerning the involvement with the AFO, which relates to the pending extradition of Alfredo Hodoyan-Palacios, 96mg1828(AJB). Based on the above evidence, this Court finds that there is probable cause to believe that Valdez committed the crime of criminal conspiracy as alleged in the extradition request. This resulted in the arrest of Valdez on September 30, 1996. [24] A Volkswagen was seen leaving the scene by eyewitness Juan Manual de la Cruz. (4) Preparatory Statement of October 2, 1996, at 6:00 p.m. before the District Judge of the Federal Criminal Proceedings in the State of Mexico, at the Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation Number 1, in Judicial Proceedings Courtroom Number One. The court, for reasons explained below, grants the petition, finding the detainee extraditable. Mexico also argued that the document was not certified as required by the treaty and would be presumptively inadmissable. Gonzalo Curiel was made by Emilio Valdez Mainero in a bugged conversation with a convicted cocaine trafficker and government informant . EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO was represented by retained counsel Michael Pancer. [38] Specifically, Cruz was charged with homicide and Soto was charged with possession of various *1224 weapons, and a narcotics related offense (possession of marijuana). Informacin de El Universal. Valdez relies on Gallina v. Fraser, 278 F.2d 77, 78 (2d Cir.1960), cert. Alejandro provides an unrestrained narrative discussion of various events and circumstances, prompted by periodic questions and all simultaneously recorded in an office on CPU's. Under Article 10 of the Treaty, the request for extradition is required to contain the description of the offense for which extradition is requested and shall be accompanied by: (1) A statement of the facts of the case; (2) The text of the legal provisions describing the essential elements of the offense; (3) The text of the legal provisions describing the punishment for the offense; (4) The text of the legal provisions relating to the time limit on the prosecution of the offense; and. Treaties, by design, live well beyond the administration involved in their enactment. Under Article 10(7) of the Treaty, the probable cause determination is to be made in accordance with the laws of requested party (here, the United States). As a society we cannot suspend that concept by virtue of the interest of a foreign nation in the extradition of an United States citizen, the heinous nature of the offense notwithstanding. En una de esas fiestas fue que conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, quien era hijo de un coronel que fue miembro de los guardias presidenciales, cuando an existan. 3188 for a similar proposition. Challenges to the testimony of Cruz, Soto, Vasquez, Miranda and Alejandro based upon the argument that they are conclusory, unreliable hearsay, and unreliable as presented by alleged codefendants or co-conspirators are rejected. 23. In the Matter of the EXTRADITION OF Emilio Valdez MAINERO. Prior to the June 30, 1997 evidentiary hearing on the extradition requests, there were numerous other filings by the United States and by counsel for the detainee as well as several status hearings. [48] Authority for this proposition is gathered from dicta in some case law in that there is no direct authority for this proposition. Specifically, Respondent asserts that evidence included in the second extradition packet should not be received or considered by the Court. *1215 The sufficiency of the evidence (i.e., probable cause) will be discussed hereinafter. They also indicated that their boss, Ramon Arellano Felix, would be pleased with the last job they had carried out. (2) Gustavo Miranda Santacruz. Valdez and Martinez drove off in the white Volkswagen and Cruz and Contreras followed them in a navy blue Cutlass.[24]. The respondent offers a handwritten declaration of Alejandro, dated March 3, 1997, to document his being detained, interrogated and tortured. In the Matter of Extradition of Emilio Valdez Mainero,950 F. Supp. The case against the implicated juniors spilled into U.S. courts after the Sept. 30 arrest of Emilio Valdez Mainero, 32, the baby-faced son of a deceased army colonel from Tijuana who, his widow . This evidence is clearly contradictory and inadmissible under Collins v. Loisel,259 U.S. 309, 315-317, 42 S. Ct. 469, 66 L. Ed. 33) which is similarly denied for the reasons stated. Respondent asserts that Soto lost an eye as a result of the torture used by Mexico to extract his statement[39]. (5) The facts and the personal information of the person sought which will permit his identification and, where possible, information concerning his location; (6) A certified copy of the warrant of arrest issued by the judge or judicial officer [in Mexico]; and. Based on case authorities Respondent's Motion in this regard is denied. In re Sindona,450 F. Supp. ", "El 5 Segundos", Ricardo Gonzalez Leon, Ricardo Emilio Valdez Mainero and Emilio Ricardo Valdez. 2d 476 (1968), is also unpersuasive in this regard. The analysis is also unnecessary in light of the Ninth Circuit order of October 2, 1997 ordering an en banc hearing in the case. [39] MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT OF MOTION RE: DETAINEE'S RESPONSE TO EXTRADITION REQUEST AND REQUEST FOR RELEASE, Page 6, lines 5-7 (Docket No. EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO was represented by retained counsel Michael Pancer. Cruz testified based upon his personal acquaintance with the individuals named in the statement, and his participation in various events and circumstances, as well as conversations, with the individuals involved. The Ruiz statement also describes the "detention" of Alejandro and Francisco Cabrera Castro, aka "Piedras". LOS NARCOJUNIORS. In Gallina, commissioner found the appellant subject to the extradition in Italy. The date of production for the photographic evidence was set for November 5, 1997[9] and later extended with properly authenticated and certified originals being filed on December 1, 1997. Valdez was a 2016 graduate of Warren Mott High School who had moved to Pontiac. Gerardo Cruz Pacheco, a former presidential security guard, told Mexican officials he helped the gunmen escape after the Holiday Inn murder by forming a wall of cars as they drove off. the arrest dates of Soto and Cruz), is unpersuasive as offered to totally obliterate probable cause under a Contreras analysis. [42] See RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF EXTRADITION (Docket No. Mexican prosecutors persuade California courts to send Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios and Emilio Valdez Mainero, alleged paid killers for a vicious drug ring based in Tijuana, back to Mexico to face . BATTAGLIA, District Judge. 00:15. Mexico also takes the position that the statement is inaccurate and not properly certified or executed. As earlier stated, the circumstances of Alejandro's testimony are not suggestive of torture, coercion or duress. Since the evidence was undisputed it is not detailed extensively herein. According to statements filed in federal court in San Diego, Ibarras assassination Sept. 14 was committed by members of the Arellano Felix drug organization and coordinated by the attorney general of Baja California. Aparte de Kitty 'Pez', los que formaron el grupo de los "Narcojuniors" fueron Emilio Valdz Mainero, hijo de un guardia presidencial; Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios, hijo de un importante empresario . Some federal and local officials said the mens statements are not credible because they are clear attempts to land a sweetheart deal. In this regard, statements characterized as "recantations" were offered by Cruz, Soto and Hodoyan. No applicable authority was presented on this point and prevailing authority as set forth herein supports this ruling. In fact, Respondent urges the Court to dismiss this proceeding stating that the Mexican Attorney General's office held back these statements because of their negative impact on the probable cause analysis. Augustin also indicates that Alejandro told him that the Mexican officers intended to torture and kill Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios should he be extradited to Mexico. The Ninth Circuit recognizes that barring hearsay from extradition hearings would thwart one of the objectives of bilateral extradition treaties by requiring the requesting nation to send its citizens to the extraditing country to confront the accused. In the Matter of Extradition of Contreras,800 F. Supp. The statements of three admitted members of the organization are contained in extradition papers for Emilio Valdez Mainero, an alleged Arellano henchman arrested in the United States. narcoseries Netflix. Otros de los jvenes reclutados tambin fueron personificados en Narcos Mxico 3, por ejemplo Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un guardia presidencial, quien conoci a Ramn Arellano en una . You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. Appellant then filed a writ of habeas corpus with the district court. Background. 1980), the court refused to decide whether the accused might be tortured or killed if surrendered to the requesting nation because this argument raised an "issue that properly falls within the exclusive purview of the executive branch" Id. Finally, the United States submits evidence in the form of statements attributed to Respondent related to the disappearance and murder of Alejandro by the AFO and the organizations efforts to effect a recantation of Alejandro's November 30, 1996 deposition. The cohorts also said the Arellanos had on their payroll Mexican immigration agents who waved cocaine shipments across the border. No precise authority is offered in regard to this premise. The Court may act upon unsworn statements of absent *1223 witnesses, although they could not have been received by the judge under the law of the state in a preliminary examination. Where a prior statement is shown to be coerced and the indicia of reliability is on the recantation, then the subsequent statement negating the existence of probable cause is germane in an extradition proceeding. The notes are identified by Augustin Hodoyan, Alejandro's brother. 2d 455 (1972). at 77, 78. The Miranda statement provides competent evidence to support a finding of probable cause that Valdez was involved in the Gallardo and Sanchez murders of April 9, 1996. *1218 Respondent has been accused by Mexico of murder in violation of Mexican law. 33. Specifically, the Court ordered the United States to file copies of videotapes of Alejandro Hodoyan's deposition; evidence including Respondent's statements regarding the circumstances surrounding the 1997 abduction of Alejandro Hodoyan and the genesis of the March 3, 1997 declaration by Alejandro Hodoyan;[5] and, all statements, recordings, transcriptions and memoranda of interviews by the assistant U.S. Attorney and federal agents of Alejandro Hodoyan. 1462, 1464 (S.D.Tex. Emilio Valdez Mainero (Valdez) and Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios (Hodoyan) were certified as extraditable to Mexico on charges of murder and criminal association with the Arellano Felix drug trafficking organization (AFO). Mar. The . 18 U.S.C. View phone numbers, addresses, public records, background check reports and possible arrest records for Emilio Valdez. Gonzalo Curiel was made by Emilio Valdez Mainero in a bugged conversation with a convicted cocaine trafficker and government informant . Under *1216 United States law, the standard of probable cause is whether there is any evidence warranting the finding that there was reasonable ground to believe the accused guilty. 290 (S.D.Cal.1996). An extradition hearing is not a criminal proceeding and the person whose return is sought is not entitled to the rights available in a criminal trial at common law. The Courts have chosen to defer questions regarding the procedures or treatment that might await an individual on extradition to the executive branch because of its exclusive power to conduct foreign affairs. See footnote 25. United States v. Wiebe, 733 F.2d 549, 554 (8th Cir.1984); Bozilov v. Seifert, 983 F.2d 140 (9th Cir.1992). (3) Fausto Soto Miller. Defense counsel was provided for Mr. Cruz Vasquez identifies himself as a member of the AFO and states that in March, 1996, he had several visitors to his home, including Respondent Valdez, Martinez, and co-extraditee Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios. Simmons v. Braun, 627 F.2d 635 (2d Cir.1980). [13] The documents themselves do not have to filed in court by the 60 day period, only received by the United States. Evidence that conflicts with that submitted on behalf of the demanding party is not permitted, nor is impeachment of the credibility of the demanding country's witnesses. Respondent's discovery request in this regard is denied. "El Mon" y "El Kitty" se la pasaban en fiestas, en las que Arellano invitaba a los asistentes, en una conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un coronel miembro de los guardias presidenciales de aqul entonces. On September 30, 1996, the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of California, acting on behalf of the Republic of Mexico, presented to the Honorable Anthony Battaglia, United States Magistrate Judge, a complaint and a formal extradition request for Emilio Valdez Mainero (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Extraditee"). The Ruiz statement presents conflict with regard to dates of the arrest of some of Mexico's witnesses and is asserted to corroborate the use of torture in this case as well as create conflicts in Mexico's evidence in challenging the reliability of the evidence Mexico relies upon in this proceeding.
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